The James Logan Courier

Ishmael Scott Reed (b. February 22, 1938) is an American poet, essayist and novelist. Reed is one of the best-known African American writers of his generation, and along with Amiri Baraka is one of the most controversial (and politically left-wing). His work consistently satirizes the American right-wing (and often the left as well), highlighting domestic political and cultural oppression. While some have found Reed's work a vivid, comic depiction of non-white America, others have criticized it as incoherent or muddled.

Listen to Ishmael Reed discuss his life and work, free from wiredforbooks.com.

Celebrate Black History Month with The Courier Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (2003) where he endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip hop artists, and Native Americans.

Reed currently lives in Oakland, California. In 1998, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, and has recently retired from teaching at the University of California, Berkeley.
Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in Buffalo, New York, where he attended the University at Buffalo. While enrolled, he cohosted a radio program, which was cancelled after an interview with Malcolm X.

He moved to New York City in 1962 and helped establish the East Village Other, a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, an organization that helped establish the Black Arts movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic.

Reed's best-known works include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967, Reed's first novel), Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974). He has published more than a dozen books, including nine novels, four collections of poetry, six plays, four collections of essays, and one libretto.

He also edited From Totems to

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