The James Logan Courier

From wikipedia:
William Stoughton (30 September 1631 – 7 July 1701) was in charge of what has come to be known as the Salem Witch Trials, first as the Chief Magistrate of the Special Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692, and then as the Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature in 1693.

Family
Born in the Kingdom of England, Stoughton was the son of Israel Stoughton and Elizabeth Knight. Soon after the birth of William they moved to the Massachusetts Bay Colony where they had a plentiful amount of land. His parents were among the founders of Dorchester, Massachusetts. His paternal grandparents were Thomas and Katherine Stoughton.


Read a selection from "New England's True Interest: Not to Lie," free from Google Books.

From wikipedia:
Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) (pronounced [ˈluːtvɪç fɔn ˈmiːzəs] was a notable economist and a major influence on the modern libertarian movement. He has been called the "uncontested dean of the Austrian School of economics".

The Ludwig von Mises Institute is named after him.

Childhood and family background
Ludwig von Mises was born in Lemberg, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now the city of Lviv, Ukraine, to Jewish parents. His father was stationed there as a construction engineer. Physicist Richard von Mises was Ludwig's younger brother. Another sibling died in infancy. When Ludwig and Richard were small children, his family moved back to their ancestral home of Vienna.


The Theory of Money and Credit by Ludwig von Mises, free from the Ludwig von Mises Institute.

From wikipedia:
Prosper Mérimée (September 28, 1803–September 23, 1870) was a French dramatist, historian, archaeologist, and short story writer. He is perhaps best known for his novella Carmen, which became the basis of Bizet's opera Carmen.

Prosper Mérimée was born in Paris. He studied law as well as Greek, Spanish, English, and Russian. He was the first interpreter of much Russian literature in France.


Read Colomba, by Prosper Mérimée, one of six of his works, in French and English, available free from Project Gutenberg.

From wikipedia:
Henri Frédéric Amiel (September 27, 1821 - May 11, 1881) was a Swiss philosopher, poet and critic.

Born in Geneva in 1821, he was descended from a Huguenot family driven to Switzerland by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

After losing his parents at an early age, Amiel travelled widely, became intimate with the intellectual leaders of Europe, and made a special study of German philosophy in Berlin. In 1849 he was appointed professor of aesthetics at the academy of Geneva, and in 1854 became professor of moral philosophy. These appointments, conferred by the democratic party, deprived him of the support of the aristocratic party, which comprised nearly all the culture of the city.

Read Amiel's Journal by Henri Frédéric Amiel, free from Project Gutenberg.

From wikipedia:
Edith Abbott (September 26, 1876 – July 28, 1957) was a social worker, educator, and author. Abbott was born in Grand Island, Nebraska. Her younger sister was Grace Abbott.

In 1893, Abbott graduated from Brownell Hall, a girls' boarding school in Omaha. However, her family could not afford to send her to college, so she began teaching high school in Grand Island. She took correspondence courses and attended summer sessions until she earned a degree from the University of Nebraska in 1901. After two more years as a teacher, Abbott attended the University of Chicago and received a Ph.D. in economics in 1905.

Read Women in industry: a study in American economic history by Edith Abbott, one of five of her articles available free from Harvard University.

From wikipedia:
William Pitt Ballinger (September 25, 1825 – January 20, 1888) was a respected and influential Texas lawyer and statesman. His behind-the-scenes life had a major impact on the development of Texas realty and railroad law, furthering the Confederacy during the Civil War, the Reconstruction in Texas, the emancipation of black slaves, and the industrialization of the South.

Read more about William Pitt Ballinger and the Texas town named for him, free from ballingertx.org.

From wikipedia:
Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), more commonly known as Horace Walpole, was a politician, writer, architectural innovator and cousin of Lord Nelson. His Letters are highly readable, and give a vivid picture of the more intellectual part of the aristocracy of his period.

He was born in London, the youngest son of British Prime Minister Robert Walpole. He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge.

Read The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford — Volume 1 by Horace Walpole, one of nine of his works available free from Project Gutenberg.

From wikipedia:
Mary Church Terrell (born September 23, 1863 in Memphis, Tennessee - July 24, 1954 in Annapolis, Maryland) was a writer and civil rights activist. Both her parents, Robert Reed Church and Louisa Ayers, were former slaves. Her father, Robert Reed Church, reputedly became a self-made millionaire off of real-estate investments in Memphis. He was the son of his white master, Charles Church.

Terrell majored in classics at Oberlin College, where she received her bachelor's degree in 1884, one of the first African American women awarded a college degree. During the centennial celebration at Olerlin College in 1933, Mary was recognized as one of the schools one hundred outstanding alumni. In 1948, Oberlin conferred upon her the honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. She taught at a black secondary school in Washington and at Wilberforce College in Ohio. She studied in Europe for two years, becoming fluent in French, German, and Italian.

Read What Role Is the Educated Negro Woman to Play in the Uplifting of Her Race? by Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, free from about.com.

From wikipedia:
Christabel Harriette Pankhurst DBE (September 22, 1880 – February 13, 1958) was a suffragette born in Manchester, England.

Christabel was the daughter of the lawyer Dr. Richard Pankhurst and suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst, and a sister of Sylvia Pankhurst and Adela Pankhurst. Along with her mother Emmeline and others, Christabel co-founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903. In 1905, Christabel Pankhurst interrupted a Liberal Party meeting by shouting demands for voting rights for women. She was arrested and along with fellow suffragette Annie Kenney went to prison rather than pay a fine as punishment for their outburst. Their case gained much media interest and the ranks of the WSPU swelled following their trial. Emmeline began to take more militant action for the suffragette cause after her daughter's arrest and was herself imprisoned on many occasions for her principles.

Read a 1912 New York Times article about the police hunt for Christabel Pankhurst, free from the New York Times.

From wikipedia:
John Loudon McAdam (September 21, 1756 - November 26, 1836) was a Scottish engineer and road-builder. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface that would be more durable and less muddy than soil-based tracks.

Modern road construction still reflects McAdam's influence. Of subsequent improvements, the most significant was the introduction of tar (originally coal tar) to bind the road surface's stones together – "tarmac" (for Tar Macadam) – followed later by the use of hot-laid tarred aggregate or tar-sprayed chippings to create better road metalling. More recently, oil-based asphalt laid on reinforced concrete has become a major road surface, but its use of granite or limestone chippings still recalls McAdam's innovation.

Read John Loudon McAdam's Remarks on the Present System of Road Making, free from Google Books.

From wikipedia:
Tomás de Iriarte (or Yriarte) y Oropesa (Puerto de la Cruz, La Orotava, island of Tenerife, September 18, 1750 Madrid, September 17, 1791), Spanish neoclassical poet.

Tomás was born to the Iriarte family, many of whose members were writers in the humanist tradition. His father was Don Bernardo de Iriarte, and his mother was Doña Bárbara de las Nieves Hernández de Oropesa.

Read The Literary Fables of Yriarte, by Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa, translated by George Humphrey Devereux, free from Google Books.

From wikipedia.org:
David Dunbar Buick (September 17, 1854 - March 5, 1929) was a Scottish-American inventor best known for founding the Buick Motor Company. He was born in Arbroath, Angus, Scotland but moved to Detroit, Michigan at the age of two when his parents emigrated to the United States.

When he left school in 1869 he started working for a company which made plumbing goods and when it ran into trouble some years later in 1882, he and a partner took it over. At this time Buick began to show his promise as an inventor, producing many innovations including a lawn sprinkler, and a method for permanently coating cast iron with vitreous enamel which allowed the production of "white" baths at much reduced cost. Although cast iron baths are uncommon nowadays, the method is still in use for enamelling them. With the combination of Buick's innovation and his partner's sound business management the company became quite successful.

Read Time Magazine's 1929 obituary.

From wikipedia:
Anne Bradstreet (ca. 1612 – September 16, 1672) was the first American female writer, and the first American female poet/author to have her works published.

Life
Bradstreet was born Anne Dudley in Northampton, England, most likely in 1612. She was the daughter of Thomas Dudley, a steward of the Earl of Lincoln, and Dorothy Yorke. Due to her family's position she grew up in cultured circumstances and was an unusually well-educated woman for her time, being tutored in history, several languages, and literature. At the age of sixteen she married Simon Bradstreet. Both Anne's father and Anne's husband were later to serve as governors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Anne and Simon, along with Anne's parents, emigrated to America aboard the Arbella during the "Great Migration" in 1630.

Read several of Anne Bradstreet's poems, part of A Celebration of Women Writers, present free by the University of Pennsylvania library.

From wikipedia:
Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, also known as Saratchandra Chattopadhyay or Sharat Chandra Chatterjee (15 September 1876 - 16 January 1938) was an author from India. He was one of the the most popular Bengali novelists of early part of the 20th century.

Swagato Ganguly (2005) and Sreejata Guha (2002) both note that Sarat Chrandra was born into poverty (which Guha describes as "dire" on page vi) in Debanandapur, Hooghly, India. Though his family was occasionally supported by other family members, Saratchandra's lack of financial stability would influence his writing in years to come. Although he began as a fine arts student, Saratchandra left his studies due to his persistent state of poverty. He got his early education residing at his paternal uncle's (Pishemosai) house.

Read more about Sharat Chatterjee, free from bengalonline.com.

From wikipedia:
Charles Augustus Nichols (September 14, 1869 - April 11, 1953), better known as Kid Nichols, was a Major League Baseball pitcher at the turn of the 20th century. Admired for his steadfast consistency year-in and year-out, Nichols amassed 361 wins over his 15 year career, the 7th highest total in major league history. Nichols is the youngest pitcher to win 300 games, reaching that milestone at age 30.

Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Nichols entered the major leagues in 1890 with the Boston Beaneaters and was an instant success. Nichols went 27-19 with a 2.23 ERA and 222 strikeouts and began a string of ten consecutive seasons with 20 wins or more. Nichols also had a major league record seven 30 win seasons in this time (1891 - 1894, 1896 - 1898) and a career high of 35 in 1892.

Read more about Kid Nichols at www.thebaseballpage.com.

Mary Leakey (February 6, 1913 – December 9, 1996) was a British archaeologist, who, along with others, discovered the first skull of a fossil ape on Rusinga Island. For much of her career she worked with her husband Louis Leakey in the Olduvai Gorge, uncovering the tools and fossils of ancient hominines. She also discovered the Laetoli footprints.

History
Mary Leakey was born Mary Nicol on February 6, 1913 in London, England. Since her father worked as a painter, the Nicol family would move from place to place, visiting such locations as France and Italy. After a time, the family moved to Dordogne in France. In nearby Cabrerets, Abbe Lemozi was leading an excavation. It was here that her interest in prehistory was sparked. Mary's father died in 1926 and her mother placed her in a Catholic convent from which she was repeatedly expelled.

Learn more about Mary Leakey and her work at the Leakey Foundation website.

From wikipedia:
Marianne von Werefkin (September 10 [O.S. August 29] 1860, Tula, Russia – 6 February 1938, Ascona, Switzerland), born Marianna Wladimirowna Werewkina (transliteration Marianna Vladimirovna Verëvkina), was a Russian-Swiss Expressionist painter.

Life and career
Marianne von Werefkin was born the daughter of the commander of the Ekaterinaburg Regiment. In 1880, she became a student of Ilya Repin, the most important painter of Russian Realism. Her progress was dealt a setback by a hunting accident in 1888 in which she shot her right hand, the one with which she painted.

Read more about Marianne von Werefkin, free from www.19thc-artworldwide.org

Hannah Webster Foster (September 10, 1758 – April 17, 1840) was an American novelist.

Her epistolary novel, The Coquette; or, The History of Eliza Wharton, was published anonymously in 1797. Although it topped the American bestseller lists of the 1790s, it was not until 1866 that her name appeared on the title page. In 1798 she published The Boarding School; or, Lessons of a Preceptress to Her Pupils, a commentary on female education in the United States.







Read Hannah Webster Foster's novel, The Coquette; or, The History of Eliza Wharton, free from Project Gutenberg.

From wikipedia:

Adelaide Crapsey (September 9, 1878–October 8, 1914), was an American poet. Born in Brooklyn, New York, she was raised in Rochester, New York, daughter of Episcopal priest Algernon Sidney Crapsey, who had been transferred from New York City to Rochester, and Adelaide T. Crapsey.



She attended public school in Rochester, and then Kemper Hall, an Episcopal girls' preparatory school in Kenosha, Wisconsin, before entering Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, graduating in 1901.



That same year her sister Emily died, and Adelaide delayed starting her teaching career for a year. In 1902 she took a position at Kemper Hall, where she taught until 1904. She then spent a year at the School of Classical Studies at the American Academy in Rome.





Read a collection of Adelaide Crapsey's poems, free from the Poet's Corner at theotherpages.org.

From wikipedia:

Charles Julius Guiteau (September 8, 1841 – June 30, 1882) was an American lawyer who assassinated President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. He was sentenced to death by hanging.



Guiteau was born in Freeport, Illinois, the fourth of six children of Luther Wilson Guiteau and Jane Howe. He moved with his family to Ulao, Wisconsin in 1850 and lived there until 1855, when his mother died. Soon after, Guiteau and his father moved back to Freeport.



Guiteau was routinely beaten by his father as a child and left home at an early age. He inherited $1000 from his grandfather (worth about $100,000 in year-2005 dollars) as a young man and went to Ann Arbor, Michigan, in order to attend the University of Michigan. Due to inadequate academic preparation, he failed the entrance examinations. After some time trying to do remedial work in Latin and algebra at Ann Arbor High School, during which time he received numerous letters from his father haranguing him so to do, he quit and joined the controversial religious sect known as the Oneida Community, in Oneida, New York, to which Guiteau's father already had close affiliations. Despite the "free love" aspects of that sect, he was generally rejected during his five years there, and he was nicknamed "Charles Gitout". He left the community twice. The first time he went to Hoboken, New Jersey, and attempted to start a newspaper based on Oneida religion, to be called "The Daily Theocrat". This failed and he returned to Oneida, only to leave again and file lawsuits against the community's founder, John Humphrey Noyes. Guiteau's father, embarrassed, wrote letters in support of Noyes, and Noyes maintained that he did not hold any ill-will towards Guiteau, saying "I consider him insane".



Read more about Charles Guiteau and the assassination of James Garfield, free from historyhouse.com.

From wikipedia:
Guru Angad Dev (31 March 1504 Muktsar, Punjab, India–28 March 1552 Amritsar, Punjab, India). He was the second of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism. He was born as Lehna in a Trehan family of Khatri clan in Sarainaga village, in the Muktsar district of Punjab, India. He became Guru on 7 September 1539 following Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism.

He standardised the present form of the Gurmukhī script, and his contributions to Sikh philosophy included:

* The practice of Sewa, selfless service to humanity.
* Complete surrender to the Will of God.
* Disapproval of exhibitionism and hypocrisy.

Learn more about Sikhism and and its ten gurus, free from www.mukhwaak.com

Froom wikipedia:
Catharine Esther Beecher (September 6, 1800 – May 12, 1878) was a noted educator, renowned for her forthright opinions on women’s education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of a kindergarten into children’s education.

Beecher, born in East Hampton, New York, was the daughter, of outspoken religious leader Lyman Beecher. Her, numerous other well-known family members include her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe, the 19th century abolitionist and writer most famous for her groundbreaking novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, and two brothers who were both renowned Congregationalist ministers, Henry Ward Beecher and Charles Beecher.

Read American Woman's Home by Catharine Esther Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, one of two of Catharine Beecher's works available free from Project Gutenberg.

François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand (September 4, 1768 – July 4, 1848) was a French writer, politician and diplomat. He is considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature.

Early life and exile
Born in Saint-Malo, the last of ten children, Chateaubriand grew up in his family's castle in Combourg, Brittany. His father, René de Chateaubriand (1718-86), was a former sea captain turned ship owner and slave trader. His mother's maiden name was Apolline de Bedée. Chateaubriand's father was a morose, uncommunicative man and the young Chateaubriand grew up in an atmosphere of gloomy solitude, only broken by long walks in the Breton countryside and an intense friendship with his sister Lucile.

Read Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe, Tome I by François-René de Chateaubriand, in French, one of three of his works available free from Project Gutenberg.

From wikipedia:
Sarah Orne Jewett (September 3, 1849 – June 24, 1909) was an American novelist and short story writer whose works were set in or near South Berwick, Maine, a declining New England seaport town near the Maine border with New Hampshire. Jewett's father was a doctor, Jewett often accompanied him on his rounds, becoming acquainted with the sights and sounds of her native land and its people. As treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, a condition that developed in early childhood, Jewett was sent on frequent walks and through them also developed a love of nature. In later life, Jewett often visited Boston, where she was acquainted with many of the most influential literary figures of her day; but she always returned to South Berwick, the "Deephaven" of her stories.

Read Deephaven and Selected Stories & Sketches by Sarah Orne Jewett, one of three of her works available free from Project Gutenberg.

From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966:


Francis William Aston was born in September 1877 at Harborne, Birmingham, England, the third of a family of seven children. He was educated at Harborne Vicarage School and Malvern College where his interest in science was aroused. In 1894 he entered Mason College, Birmingham (later to become the University of Birmingham) where he studied chemistry under Frankland and Tilden, and Physics under Poynting. His winning of the Forster Scholarship in 1898 enabled him to work on the optical properties of tartaric acid derivatives; the results of this work were published in 1901.



Read Francis William Aston's Nobel Prize lecture,free from Nobelprize.org.